: 335 The failure of these peace talks resulted in the return to armed conflict, beginning with the Maoist attack on an army barracks in Dang District in western Nepal, on 22 November. On 25 July 2001, the government of Sher Bahadur Deuba and the Maoist insurgents declared a ceasefire, and held peace talks from August to November of that year.
Dipendra fell into a coma for three days before dying, during which he was crowned as the new king. Supposedly perpetrated by Prince Dipendra, the heir apparent to the Nepalese throne, there were ten deaths and five injuries – four injured victims and one self-inflicted injury on Dipendra after firing the weapon that he was using upon himself in the head as an apparent suicide attempt. On Friday, 1 June 2001, King Birendra, and his entire family were killed in a massacre at the Narayanhiti Palace – the official residence of the Shah monarchs. The Royal Nepal Army was not involved in direct fighting because the conflict was regarded as a policing matter. : 333 Initially, the government mobilized the Nepal Police to contain the insurgency. The armed struggle began on 13 February 1996, when the CPN(M) carried out seven simultaneous attacks over six districts. This faction described the government forces, mainstream political parties, and the monarchy, as "feudal forces".
The militant faction later renamed itself the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), or CPN(M). One group, led by Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda), argued for immediate armed revolution, while the other group, led by Nirmal Lama, claimed that Nepal was not yet ripe for armed struggle. However, disagreements within the UPFN surged, regarding which tactics were to be used by the party. In the 1991 election, the UPFN became the third-largest party in the Nepali parliament. : 332 The CPN(UC) held its first convention on 25 November 1991 : 332 it adopted a line of "protracted armed struggle on the route to a new democratic revolution", and decided that the party would remain an underground party. On 21 January 1991, the CPN(UC) set up the United People's Front of Nepal (UPFN), with Baburam Bhattarai as its head, as an open front to contest elections. In November 1990, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre), or CPN(UC), was formed, and included key elements of the UNPM. The UNPM called for elections to a constituent assembly, and rejected compromises made by ULF and the Congress party with the palace. However, communist groups, uncomfortable with the alliance between the ULF and the Congress, formed a parallel front: the United National People's Movement (UNPM). On 10 January 1990, the United Left Front (ULF) was formed, : 331 which, together with the Nepali Congress, was the backbone of the movement for democratic change. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission has received about 63,000 complaints, as reported by commissioner Madhabi Bhatta, while the Commission for Investigation of Enforced Disappearances has received around 3,000. The insurgency resulted in the deaths of over 17,000 people, including civilians, insurgents, and army and police personnel and the internal displacement of hundreds of thousands of people, mostly throughout rural Nepal. It was characterized by numerous war crimes and crimes against humanity, including summary executions, massacres, purges, kidnappings, and mass rapes. The conflict began on 13 February 1996, when the Communist Party of Nepal initiated an insurgency with the stated purpose of overthrowing the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a people's republic it ended with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Accord on 21 November 2006. The war was the decisive factor that led to the collapse of the Nepalese kingdom in 2008 and the subsequent establishment of the present-day Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. It saw fighting between the Nepalese royal government and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) throughout the country. The Nepalese Civil War was a protracted armed conflict that took place in the former Kingdom of Nepal from 1996 to 2006. Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (2001–2008) Entry of Maoists into mainstream politics.
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